Egyptian Grand Mufti Bitcoin Fatwa: Why Crypto Was Declared Haram

Ben Bevan 26 April 2026 14 Comments

Imagine waking up to find that the digital asset you've been trading is suddenly declared religiously forbidden by one of the most influential spiritual authorities in the world. For many Muslims, this became a reality in December 2017 when the Egyptian Grand Mufti is the highest authority on Islamic legal rulings (fatwas) in Egypt, serving as a key consultant for the judiciary , Dr. Shawky Ibrahim Allam, issued a sweeping decree. The ruling didn't just suggest caution; it categorically labeled Bitcoin is a decentralized digital currency that operates without a central authority or physical form and all other cryptocurrencies as cryptocurrency haram.

The Core Reasons Behind the Prohibition

The ruling didn't happen in a vacuum. The Dar Al-Ifta is Egypt's official Fatwa House, established in 1895 to provide legal guidance based on Sharia based its decision on several technical and ethical pillars. At the heart of the issue is gharar, or excessive uncertainty. In Islamic finance, contracts must be clear. Bitcoin, however, lacks a physical presence and a central regulatory body, which the Mufti argued creates a level of ignorance and deception that violates the principles of a legitimate contract.

The authorities pointed out that Bitcoin isn't an accepted medium of exchange by official government bodies. Because it has no "intrinsic value" and relies entirely on speculative demand, it was viewed as more of a gamble than a stable currency. To the Egyptian authorities, if you can't touch it and no government stands behind it, it cannot be considered mal (property) under traditional Sharia interpretations.

Security Risks and National Stability

While the religious arguments were central, the fatwa was heavily influenced by security concerns. The Egyptian government views decentralized finance as a potential backdoor for illegal activities. The ruling explicitly mentions that the anonymity of blockchain technology allows for the evasion of security authorities.

The fatwa highlights several specific dangers:

Terrorist Funding: The ruling notes that extremist groups, including ISIS, have used digital assets to move money undetected.
Financial Crime: Money laundering gangs and drug dealers are cited as primary users of the technology to bypass banking oversight.
Systemic Penetration: There was a fear that cryptocurrency could be used to penetrate central financial systems and undermine the stability of central banks.

Essentially, the lack of a "central regulatory authority" wasn't just a technical flaw-it was seen as a national security threat. By declaring it haram, the state created a spiritual deterrent against a technology that threatened its grip on the financial system.

Industrial sketch of fragmented digital coins dissolving to represent uncertainty

A Divided House: Comparing Islamic Perspectives

It is a mistake to think all Islamic scholars agree with the Egyptian position. There is a massive intellectual divide between those who follow a literal, stability-focused approach and those who look at functional utility. For instance, while the Egyptian Mufti and the Syrian Islamic Council lean toward prohibition, other experts take a more modern view.

Comparison of Islamic Scholarly Views on Cryptocurrency
Perspective	Key Authority	Stance	Primary Reasoning
Restrictive	Egyptian Grand Mufti	Haram	Lack of central authority, security risks, and uncertainty (gharar).
Permissive	Mufti Faraz Adam	Halal (with screening)	Functional utility as a medium of exchange; digital assets are real assets.
Skeptical	Al-Qaradaghi	Generally Prohibited	Failure to qualify as property (mal) and alignment with speculative capitalism.

Mufti Faraz Adam, a known fintech researcher, argues that if a system functions as a currency within its own network, it should be treated as one. He suggests that classical scholars usually base rulings on the "after-effect" of a tool. If people use it to trade and store value, it has legal utility. This creates a stark contrast: one side sees a dangerous void of regulation, while the other sees a new evolution of digital property.

Design sketch comparing a traditional stone pillar with a fluid digital circuit

Practical Implications for Users

For a devout Muslim in Egypt or someone following the guidance of al-Azhar University is one of the world's oldest and most prestigious institutions of Islamic learning, based in Cairo , the implications are total. This isn't a "trade at your own risk" warning; it is a prohibition of the entire ecosystem. This includes:

Trading: Buying or selling Bitcoin on any exchange.
Mining: Using hardware to secure the network in exchange for rewards.
Commerce: Accepting cryptocurrency as payment for goods or services.
Investment: Holding digital assets as a hedge or speculative investment.

This puts these users at a disadvantage compared to those who follow more permissive scholars. For example, followers of Mufti Adam might screen specific coins for Sharia-compliance and pay Zakat is an obligatory alms-giving tax in Islam, typically 2.5% of a Muslim's accumulated wealth on their holdings, treating them as legitimate wealth. The Egyptian fatwa, however, leaves no such room for nuance.

The Bigger Picture: Evolution vs. Tradition

The 2017 fatwa arrived exactly when Bitcoin was hitting a massive price peak, fueling speculation and volatility. This timing likely amplified the Mufti's concerns about the "gambling" aspect of the market. Since then, the world has changed. We now have regulated exchanges, institutional adoption by companies like BlackRock, and even countries exploring CBDCs is Central Bank Digital Currencies, which are digital forms of a country's sovereign currency regulated by the state .

Despite these changes, the Egyptian position remains firm. The tension here is between two philosophies: one that views stability and state oversight as the only way to protect the public interest (maslahah), and another that believes the law should evolve alongside technology. While the Egyptian Grand Mufti emphasizes the dangers of the present, progressive scholars argue that as the regulatory gaps close, the religious arguments against crypto may eventually vanish.

Why did the Egyptian Grand Mufti declare Bitcoin haram?

The declaration was based on the lack of a central regulatory authority, the high level of uncertainty (gharar) and deception in its value, and the fact that it is not recognized as a legal medium of exchange by official authorities. Additionally, concerns over its use by criminal and extremist groups played a significant role.

Is all cryptocurrency forbidden under this fatwa?

Yes, the fatwa issued by Dar Al-Ifta is broad and covers Bitcoin as well as all other forms of cryptocurrency, prohibiting their purchase, sale, leasing, and any other exchange activities.

Do all Islamic scholars agree that crypto is haram?

No, there is a significant divide. While Egyptian and Syrian authorities are restrictive, other scholars like Mufti Faraz Adam argue that cryptocurrencies can be considered legitimate digital assets and mediums of exchange, provided they are screened for Sharia-compliance.

What is 'gharar' in the context of cryptocurrency?

Gharar refers to excessive uncertainty or risk in a contract. In the case of crypto, scholars argue that the extreme volatility and lack of a tangible underlying asset create a level of uncertainty that is forbidden in Islamic finance.

Does this fatwa apply to Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs)?

While the original fatwa focused on decentralized currencies like Bitcoin, its broad language regarding the need for "relevant authorities" to accept a currency suggests that state-backed CBDCs might be viewed differently since they have the central regulatory oversight the Mufti demanded.